Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 11, 2026
Application of Bedside Lower Extremity Rehabilitation Robots in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Published on: November 28, 2025
Motor learning principles for rehabilitation: a pilot randomized controlled study in poststroke patients
Lamberto Piron1, Andrea Turolla, Michela Agostini
1IRCCS San Camillo Hospital Venezia, Venezia, Italy. pironl@tin.it
Background:
Six months after a stroke, the hemiplegic arm often remains compromised. More innovative approaches to motor rehabilitation are needed.
Objective:
The authors compared a motor learning-based approach in a virtual environment with more conventional upper extremity therapy in a pilot trial.
Methods:
This prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial compared reinforced feedback in a virtual environment (RFVE; n = 27) with a control intervention (n = 20) of progressive therapy for the affected upper extremity. Both treatments were provided for 4 weeks, 5 days per week, with 1-hour treatment sessions daily. The primary outcomes were the Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity (F-M UE) and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores. Kinematic outcomes included mean duration (MD), mean linear velocity (MLV), and number of submovements to measure the motor performance. Analyses of the primary outcomes were performed per protocol and by intention to treat.
Results:
F-M UE scores improved significantly in the RFVE group compared with the conventional therapy group ("intention to treat" = 5.10 points, P = .004; ANCOVA = 4.26 points, P < .01). Several of the kinematic parameters improved in the RFVE group (MD, P < .01; MLV, P < .01). FIM improvements did not differ.
Conclusions:
Both rehabilitation therapies improved arm motor performance and functional activity, but the RFVE therapy induced more robust results in patients exposed to late rehabilitation treatment.
