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Related Concept Videos

Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
11:34

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Light scattering by inclusions in crystals.

F K Hopkins, G J Brown

    Applied Optics
    |June 29, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Optical transmission analysis reveals nonabsorbing inclusions within crystal structures. This method was applied to a silver gallium selenide (AgGaSe2) crystal sample for detailed examination.

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    Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

    Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
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    Published on: July 1, 2019

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    09:15

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    Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction
    09:35

    Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction

    Published on: July 21, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Solid State Physics
    • Materials Science
    • Crystallography

    Background:

    • Nonabsorbing inclusions within crystalline materials can affect their physical properties.
    • Characterizing these inclusions is crucial for understanding material performance and quality.
    • Optical methods offer a non-destructive approach to analyzing internal structures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate the utility of optical transmission data for analyzing nonabsorbing inclusions in crystals.
    • To apply optical transmission analysis to a specific crystalline sample.

    Main Methods:

    • Acquisition of optical transmission spectra from a crystal sample.
    • Analysis of spectral features to identify and characterize nonabsorbing inclusions.
    • Utilizing a silver gallium selenide (AgGaSe2) crystal as a model system.

    Main Results:

    • Optical transmission data successfully identified the presence of nonabsorbing inclusions.
    • The analysis provided insights into the nature and distribution of these inclusions within the AgGaSe2 sample.
    • Distinct spectral signatures correlated with the inclusions were observed.

    Conclusions:

    • Optical transmission is an effective technique for the characterization of nonabsorbing inclusions in crystals.
    • This method provides valuable information for materials science and crystal quality assessment.
    • Further application of this technique can enhance the understanding of various crystalline materials.