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Updated: Jun 11, 2026
09:09
Safe Experimentation in Optical Levitation of Charged Droplets Using Remote Labs
Published on: January 10, 2019
Abstract:
A simple method is presented for determining the nominal ocular hazard distance from non-Gaussian laser beams. The simplified method currently used for laser safety calculations when determining the laser beam diameter as a function of distance produces errors in the near field. The irradiance or radiant exposure of multimode and non-Gaussian laser beams in the near field may be calculated more precisely by the use of a simple proposed relationship with easily determined parameters.
Related Concept Videos
01:07Gauss's Law
If a closed surface does not have any charge inside where an electric field line can terminate, then the electric field line entering the surface at one point must necessarily exit at some other point of the surface. Therefore, if a closed surface does not have any charges inside the enclosed volume, then the electric flux through the surface is zero. What happens to the electric flux if there are some charges inside the enclosed volume? Gauss's law gives a quantitative answer to this question.
01:10Gauss's Law: Problem-Solving
Gauss's law helps determine electric fields even though the law is not directly about electric fields but electric flux. In situations with certain symmetries (spherical, cylindrical, or planar) in the charge distribution, the electric field can be deduced based on the knowledge of the electric flux. In these systems, we can find a Gaussian surface S over which the electric field has a constant magnitude. Furthermore, suppose the electric field is parallel (or antiparallel) to the area vector...