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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Social Isolation Model: A Noninvasive Rodent Model of Stress and Anxiety
Published on: November 11, 2022
Network origins of anxiety and depression
1School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom. mhyland@plymouth.ac.uk
Abstract:
Cramer et al. contrast two possible explanations for psychological symptoms: latent variables (i.e., specific cause) versus a network of causality between symptoms. There is a third explanation: The reason for comorbidity and the reported network structure of psychological symptoms is that the underlying biological cause is a psychoneuroimmunoendocrine information network which, when dysregulated, leads to several maladaptive psychological and somatic symptoms.
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