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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy

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Published on: January 30, 2014

The midline, oral ectoderm, and the arch-0 problem.

Charles B Kimmel¹, Johann K Eberhart

¹Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.

Integrative and Comparative Biology

|June 30, 2010

Summary

New research challenges the existence of a premandibular segment in vertebrate head segmentation. Findings indicate the "premandibular" region is actually the maxillary part of the mandibular arch, supported by gene expression studies.

Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Comparative anatomy
Evolutionary biology

Background:

Traditional vertebrate head segmentation theories include a premandibular segment rostral to the mandibular (jaw) segment.
This premandibular segment was historically thought to support gills and then the anterior brain in ancient fishes.

Purpose of the Study:

To re-evaluate the existence and homology of the premandibular segment in vertebrate head segmentation.
To investigate the developmental origins of the facial skeleton using modern techniques.

Main Methods:

Analysis of recent fate mapping studies.
Examination of gene expression patterns in early vertebrate development.

Main Results:

No current evidence supports a distinct premandibular segment.

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Fate mapping and gene expression data reveal the "premandibular" territory is part of the maxillary region of the mandibular arch.

A specific signaling cascade involving dorsal midline mesoderm, neural ectoderm, and oral ectoderm expands maxillary neural crest derivatives.

Conclusions:

The concept of a premandibular segment in vertebrate head segmentation is not supported by current evidence.
The maxillary region of the mandibular arch, derived from neural crest, is developmentally regulated by a specific signaling cascade.
These findings align with and support the Gans-Northcutt theory of vertebrate head evolution.