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Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual, the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter telomeres than other...

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Cleavage and Blastulation

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Published on: April 26, 2018

[Comparative embryology and mammalian cloning].

N Iu Sakharova, L M Chaĭlakhian

|July 1, 2010

Summary

Mammalian embryos develop via sexual reproduction (conceptus) and asexual reproduction (embryo proper) from blastocyst cells. Understanding somatic embryogenesis is key for successful cloning and nuclear reprogramming.

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Reproductive Biology
Genetics

Background:

Mammalian early development presents unique features compared to other animals, notably the absence of yolk in the ovum.
The blastocyst stage in mammals can be viewed as a larva, nourished by the maternal organism.
Polyembryony, a form of asexual reproduction seen in some insects, is analogous to embryo development from blastocyst cells.

Purpose of the Study:

To reconcile seemingly contradictory observations in early mammalian development.
To establish a relationship between embryos derived from a fertilized ovum and those from inner cell mass cells.
To explore the implications of mammalian embryogenesis for cloning and somatic cell nuclear reprogramming.

Main Methods:

Theoretical analysis of mammalian prenatal ontogenesis.

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Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte

Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte

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A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

Published on: December 19, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Combinational Treatment of Trichostatin A and Vitamin C Improves the Efficiency of Cloning Mice by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Published on: April 26, 2018

Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte

Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte

Published on: July 6, 2022

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

A Simple Microaspiration Technique for Isolating Somatic Cells from Cryopreserved Equine Semen as Nuclear Donors for Cloning

Published on: December 19, 2025

Comparison of mammalian embryonic development with other species (Amniota, insects).

Examination of blastocyst structure and function as a larval stage.

Main Results:

A hypothesis unifying sexual (conceptus) and asexual (embryo proper) developmental origins in mammals.
The blastocyst is proposed as a mammalian larva, facilitating internal development.
Somatic embryogenesis within the blastocyst is identified as a form of asexual reproduction.

Conclusions:

Mammalian development involves two distinct embryonic origins: sexual and asexual.
Investigating somatic embryogenesis mechanisms is crucial for advancing cloning technology.
Successful reprogramming of donor somatic nuclei depends on understanding these developmental pathways.