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Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Magnetic Force

Magnetic Force

In addition to the electric forces between electric charges, moving electric charges exert magnetic forces on each other. A magnetic field is created by a moving charge or a group of moving charges known as the electric current. A magnetic force is experienced by a second current or moving charge in response to this magnetic field. Fundamentally, interactions between moving electrons in the atoms of two bodies produce magnetic forces between them.
The magnetic force acting on a moving charge...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Magnetic Damping

Magnetic Damping

Eddy currents can produce significant drag on motion, called magnetic damping. For instance, when a metallic pendulum bob swings between the poles of a strong magnet, significant drag acts on the bob as it enters and leaves the field, quickly damping the motion.
If, however, the bob is a slotted metal plate, the magnet produces a much smaller effect. When a slotted metal plate enters the field, an emf is induced by the change in flux; however, it is less effective because the slots limit the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Published on: July 20, 2022

Optical forces on small magnetodielectric particles.

M Nieto-Vesperinas¹, J J Sáenz, R Gómez-Medina

¹Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, C.S.I.C., Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. mnieto@icmm.csic.es

|July 1, 2010

Summary

We studied optical forces on particles with electric and magnetic properties. This research details forces from electric and magnetic dipoles, introducing new concepts for magnetic force analysis.

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Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

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Published on: November 21, 2019

Area of Science:

Physics
Optics
Electromagnetism

Background:

Optical forces arise from interactions between light and matter.
Particles with both electric and magnetic responses exhibit complex optical behaviors.
Understanding these forces is crucial for manipulating small particles with light.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the optical force on a small particle with electric and magnetic properties.
To derive expressions for gradient force, radiation pressure, and curl components.
To introduce and analyze the concept of curl of spin angular momentum density for magnetic forces.

Main Methods:

Analysis of optical forces on particles in non-absorbing media.
Derivation of force expressions based on electric and magnetic dipole responses.
Application of 3D generalizations of Stokes parameters for magnetic force analysis.
Exploration of analogies between momentum conservation and the optical theorem.

Main Results:

Formulas for gradient force, radiation pressure, and curl components were obtained.
The study introduces the concept of curl of spin angular momentum density for magnetic forces.
An analysis of the self-interaction force between electric and magnetic dipoles was performed.
Connections were made to the angular distribution of scattered light and extinction cross-section.

Conclusions:

The study provides a comprehensive framework for understanding optical forces on particles with dual electric and magnetic responses.
New insights into magnetic forces and dipole-dipole interactions were presented.
The findings contribute to the broader understanding of light-matter interactions and optical phenomena.