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IR Spectrometers

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...

Calibration Curves: Linear Least Squares

Calibration Curves: Linear Least Squares

A calibration curve is a plot of the instrument's response against a series of known concentrations of a substance. This curve is used to set the instrument response levels, using the substance and its concentrations as standards. Alternatively, or additionally, an equation is fitted to the calibration curve plot and subsequently used to calculate the unknown concentrations of other samples reliably.
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One-Compartment Open Model: Wagner-Nelson and Loo Riegelman Method for ka Estimation

One-Compartment Open Model: Wagner-Nelson and Loo Riegelman Method for k_a Estimation

This lesson introduces two critical methods in pharmacokinetics, the Wagner-Nelson and Loo-Riegelman methods, used for estimating the absorption rate constant (ka) for drugs administered via non-intravenous routes. The Wagner-Nelson method relates ka to the plasma concentration derived from the slope of a semilog percent unabsorbed time plot. However, it is limited to drugs with one-compartment kinetics and can be impacted by factors like gastrointestinal motility or enzymatic degradation.
On...

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
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Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

Published on: June 6, 2017

Rapid Optimization of SPECT Scatter Correction Using Model LROC Observers.

Santosh Kulkarni¹, Parmeshwar Khurd, Lili Zhou

¹Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY.

IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. Nuclear Science Symposium

|July 1, 2010

Summary

This study optimizes window-based scatter correction (SC) for SPECT imaging. A new theoretical approach rapidly compares SC methods and optimizes parameters, improving SPECT image quality.

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Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

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Published on: February 12, 2013

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

Published on: June 6, 2017

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

Published on: February 12, 2013

Area of Science:

Medical Imaging
Nuclear Medicine
Image Reconstruction

Background:

Window-based scatter correction (SC) methods are widely used in Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) due to their speed and ease of use.
Existing SC methods often subtract scatter estimates before reconstruction, but this can propagate noise.
Sophisticated reconstruction-based SC methods exist but are computationally intensive.

Purpose of the Study:

To optimize and compare window-based scatter correction (SC) methods for SPECT maximum a posteriori (MAP) reconstructions.
To develop a theoretical framework for rapid evaluation of SC methods and their parameters.
To assess the impact of scatter estimation noise on image reconstruction quality.

Main Methods:

An ensemble approach was used, modeling the mean scatter sinogram within the likelihood function.
A theoretical framework was developed to rapidly compute the area under the LROC curve (ALROC) using system and SC parameters.
The theory predicts additional image covariance contributions from scatter model error noise.

Main Results:

The theoretical approach accurately predicted LROC curves and ALROC values compared to traditional model observer methods.
Simulations demonstrated close agreement between theoretical predictions and sample reconstruction results across various search tolerances.
The developed theory enables rapid comparison of different window-based SC methods.

Conclusions:

The theoretical approach facilitates rapid optimization of window-based SC parameters, including window placement, size, and scatter sinogram smoothing.
This work provides a pathway for efficient comparison and selection of optimal SC methods for SPECT imaging.
The findings contribute to improving the accuracy and efficiency of SPECT image reconstruction through advanced scatter correction.