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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
04:01

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: September 15, 2023

[Incidental thyroid carcinoma: a multicentric experience].

Angela Pezzolla1, Giovanni Docimo, Roberto Ruggiero

  • 1Sezione di Chirurgia d'Urgenza, Dipartimento dell'Emergenza e dei Trapianti di Organo, Università, Bari.

Recenti Progressi in Medicina
|July 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The study found that most incidental thyroid carcinomas (ICs) are small, slow-growing papillary microcarcinomas (MCs). Close endocrine surgery follow-up is recommended, especially for patients with multinodular disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Pathology

Context:

  • Increasing detection of incidental thyroid carcinomas (ICs), predominantly microcarcinomas (MCs).
  • MCs are defined as CTs ≤1 cm, often papillary, with variable clinical behavior.
  • Accidental discovery during surgery for benign thyroid conditions is common.

Purpose:

  • To analyze the characteristics and management of incidental thyroid carcinomas (ICs) detected during surgery for benign thyroid disease.
  • To evaluate the clinical presentation and pathological findings of these incidental findings.
  • To inform surgical and follow-up strategies for ICs.

Summary:

  • 1507 patients underwent surgery for benign thyroid disease; 168 (11.2%) had incidental carcinomas (ICs).
  • Papillary carcinomas were most common (147/168), with most ICs being microcarcinomas (≤1 cm).
  • Management involved total thyroidectomy or lobectomy followed by endocrinology consultation.

Impact:

  • Highlights the need for improved pre-operative diagnostic data (history, ultrasound, scintigraphy) to predict ICs.
  • Suggests that ICs, typically small and less aggressive, are amenable to radioiodine therapy.
  • Recommends close endocrine surgery follow-up, emphasizing a multidisciplinary team approach, particularly for multinodular disease.