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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

Published on: August 27, 2013

Self-focused acoustic ejectors for viscous liquids.

S F Hon¹, K W Kwok, H L Li

¹Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|July 2, 2010

Summary

This study introduces novel acoustic ejectors utilizing a Fresnel zone plate (FZP) to precisely eject viscous liquids without nozzles. These devices successfully demonstrated drop-on-demand dispensing of glycerin and epoxy prepolymer droplets.

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Published on: March 6, 2016

Area of Science:

Acoustic manipulation
Microfluidics
Materials science

Background:

Traditional micro-dispensing methods often require nozzles, which can clog with viscous fluids.
The development of nozzle-free dispensing technologies is crucial for handling challenging liquids.
Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) offer potential for acoustic wave focusing and manipulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a nozzle-free acoustic ejector for viscous liquids using a Fresnel zone plate (FZP).
To demonstrate the drop-on-demand ejection of high-viscosity fluids.
To characterize the performance of the FZP-based acoustic ejector.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a Fresnel zone plate (FZP) from a lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric plate with patterned annular electrodes.
Utilizing constructive interference of acoustic waves generated by the FZP to create high-pressure focal points.
Driving the FZP with a sinusoidal voltage wave train (35 V, 4.28 MHz, 2 ms duration) to eject droplets.
Testing with viscous liquids such as glycerin (1400 mPa s) and epoxy prepolymer (2000 mPa s).

Main Results:

Effective self-focusing of acoustic waves was achieved in glycerin, creating small focal points with high pressure.
The acoustic ejector successfully ejected glycerin droplets (0.4 mm diameter) in a drop-on-demand mode at 120 Hz.
Droplets of other viscous liquids, including epoxy prepolymer, were also ejected using the developed system.
Acoustic wave pressure decreased with distance from the FZP due to high attenuation, but remained sufficient for ejection at 2.5 and 6.5 mm.

Conclusions:

Nozzle-free acoustic ejectors based on Fresnel zone plates are effective for dispensing viscous liquids in a drop-on-demand manner.
The FZP design enables precise control over acoustic wave focusing and droplet generation.
This technology holds promise for applications requiring the precise handling of high-viscosity fluids.