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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine
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Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

Published on: December 4, 2015

Avian influenza: our current understanding.

David L Suarez1

  • 1U.S.D.A., Athens, GA 30605, USA.

Animal Health Research Reviews
|July 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Avian influenza (AI) virus poses a significant threat to the poultry industry and public health. Understanding AI transmission is crucial for controlling this highly infectious disease in both domestic and wild animals.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Avian influenza (AI) virus is a major global poultry disease with a wide host range, including wild birds, poultry, and mammals.
  • AI in poultry is classified as low pathogenic (LPAI) or highly pathogenic (HPAI) based on disease severity and mortality in chickens.
  • The Asian lineage H5N1 HPAI virus, emerging in 1996, has spread globally, becoming endemic in some regions and posing a public health risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of avian influenza (AI) as a global poultry industry concern.
  • To differentiate between LPAI and HPAI based on pathogenicity in chickens.
  • To underscore the public health implications and control challenges associated with AI.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on avian influenza virus.

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Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses
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Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Published on: January 20, 2017

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
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Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Published on: March 19, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine
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Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

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Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses
09:07

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

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Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs
06:56

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Published on: March 19, 2015

  • Classification of AI based on pathogenicity and clinical signs in chickens.
  • Analysis of AI virus host range and transmission dynamics.

    • Main Results:

    • AI causes mild to severe disease in poultry, with HPAI characterized by high mortality.
    • Wild birds are natural reservoirs, often asymptomatic, while poultry can experience severe illness.
    • The H5N1 HPAI strain has demonstrated extensive global spread and poses a zoonotic threat.

    Conclusions:

    • Avian influenza is a complex disease requiring a better understanding of its transmission.
    • Control efforts are challenged by the virus's infectious nature and interactions between domestic and wild animal populations.
    • AI remains a critical concern for both animal health and human safety.