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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Development of Compendium for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Development of Compendium for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: April 12, 2024

Osteopontin (OPN) expression in thyroid carcinoma.

Juliane Briese¹, Sonia Cheng, Shereen Ezzat

¹Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, and Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. briesy@gmx.de

Anticancer Research

|July 2, 2010

Summary

Osteopontin (OPN) is highly expressed in thyroid carcinomas, unlike normal tissues. OPN expression in thyroid tumors may aid in diagnosis and management, but is not associated with patient or tumor characteristics.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Development of Compendium for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Development of Compendium for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: April 12, 2024

Area of Science:

Oncology
Molecular Biology
Pathology

Background:

Osteopontin (OPN) and CEACAM1 share biological functions and are implicated in various cancers.
Investigated the prognostic role of OPN in thyroid tumors, comparing it with CEACAM1 expression.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the prognostic significance of Osteopontin (OPN) in thyroid tumors.
To correlate OPN expression with the expression of CEACAM1.

Main Methods:

Utilized immunohistochemistry and western blotting on 297 human thyroid samples.
Compared OPN expression data with previously published CEACAM1 expression data.

Main Results:

OPN was largely absent in normal thyroid tissues.
Thyroid carcinomas showed strong OPN positivity, while adenomas had weak positivity.
OPN expression did not correlate with patient age, gender, or tumor size, unlike CEACAM1 in metastatic papillary carcinomas.

Conclusions:

OPN expression patterns suggest potential diagnostic and management implications for thyroid cancer patients.
Findings highlight OPN as a potential biomarker in thyroid oncology.