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Related Concept Videos

Diverticular Disease of the Colon01:27

Diverticular Disease of the Colon

Diverticular disease involves the formation of diverticula—small sac-like outpouchings of the colonic wall—and their complications. It most commonly affects the sigmoid colon due to higher intraluminal pressure and structural vulnerability. It results from structural weakness and increased pressure in the colon, producing pseudodiverticula that may remain silent or progress to inflammation and serious complications.Structure of DiverticulaIn diverticulosis, these outpouchings are...
Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell02:21

Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell

Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...

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A Genetically Engineered Mouse Model of Sporadic Colorectal Cancer
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A Genetically Engineered Mouse Model of Sporadic Colorectal Cancer

Published on: July 6, 2017

Malignant colorectal polyps.

Luis Bujanda, Angel Cosme, Ines Gil

    World Journal of Gastroenterology
    |July 2, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Malignant colorectal polyps are increasingly removed due to screening. Complete polypectomy can cure pedunculated T1 polyps, but sessile T1 polyps often require further treatment.

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    Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in Field Defects During Progression to Colon Cancer
    28:15

    Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in Field Defects During Progression to Colon Cancer

    Published on: July 28, 2010

    Area of Science:

    • Gastroenterology
    • Oncology
    • Pathology

    Background:

    • Colorectal cancer screening detects more malignant polyps.
    • Polyps are classified as non-invasive high grade neoplasia (NHGN) or T1 malignant polyps based on submucosal invasion.
    • Prognosis for T1 polyps depends on morphology, resection, differentiation, and margins.

    Discussion:

    • Pedunculated T1 polyps (Paris class Ip) are curable with complete polypectomy if well-differentiated, with clear margins and no vascular/lymphatic invasion.
    • Sessile T1 polyps (Paris class Is) are generally not considered cured by polypectomy alone.
    • Local excision may be definitive for T1 polyps in high-risk patients.

    Key Insights:

    • Complete resection, polyp morphology (pedunculated vs. sessile), tumor differentiation, and margin status are critical for T1 polyp prognosis.
    • Polypectomy is curative for specific T1 malignant polyps meeting strict criteria.
    • Sessile T1 polyps often necessitate more extensive treatment than polypectomy.

    Outlook:

    • Further research into risk stratification for sessile T1 polyps is warranted.
    • Optimizing endoscopic techniques for complete resection of malignant polyps is crucial.
    • Long-term follow-up strategies for patients treated with polypectomy for T1 polyps need refinement.