Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Biological Effects of Radiation

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Ocular MR Imaging as a Substitute for Ultrasound during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology·2020

Same author

Combining Multiple Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences Provides Independent Reproducible Radiomics Features.

Scientific reports·2019

Same author

[Orbito-palpebral vascular pathology].

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie·2016

Same author

Salivary gland-sparing helical tomotherapy for head and neck cancer: Preserved salivary function on quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy after tomotherapy.

European annals of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck diseases·2016

Same author

[Aneurysmal bone cyst: A rare cause of orbital disease].

Journal francais d'ophtalmologie·2016

Same author

Usefulness of colour Doppler flow imaging in the management of lacrimal gland lesions.

European radiology·2016

Search research articles

Related Experiment Videos

[Normal tissue tolerance to external beam radiation therapy: thyroid].

O Berges¹, Y Belkacemi, P Giraud

¹Service d'Oncologie-Radiothérapie, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Université Paris Descartes, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France.

Cancer Radiotherapie : Journal De La Societe Francaise De Radiotherapie Oncologique

|July 3, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid radiation disorders, including hypothyroidism (20-30% incidence), can occur years after head and neck radiotherapy. This review details risks and follow-up for these under-reported thyroid conditions.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Radiation Oncology

Background:

The thyroid gland's location makes it susceptible to ionizing radiation during head and neck radiotherapy.
Thyroid radiation disorders are potentially under-reported in scientific literature.

Purpose of the Study:

To review thyroid radiation disorders, their risk factors, and follow-up protocols.
To highlight the incidence and types of functional and morphological changes in the thyroid post-radiation.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on thyroid disorders following external beam radiation therapy.
Analysis of functional (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism) and morphological (benign, malignant lesions) changes.

Main Results:

Late functional effects, primarily hypothyroidism (20-30% incidence), manifest beyond 6 months and can appear over 25 years post-exposure.
Morphological changes include benign adenomas and malignant lesions (0.35% incidence).
Hypothyroidism onset correlates with radiation dose and patient factors.

Conclusions:

Thyroid function and morphology can be significantly impacted by radiotherapy, necessitating vigilant follow-up.
While modern radiotherapy techniques aim to preserve the thyroid, they may increase low-dose exposure and theoretical risks of secondary cancers.