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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Juvenile thyroid malignancy.

Sandesh Parelkar¹, Milind Joshi

¹Department of Pediatric Surgery, Seth G.S.M.C. and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, India.

Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology : Official Journal of Indian Society of Medical & Paediatric Oncology

|July 3, 2010

Summary

Pediatric thyroid nodules require careful evaluation for malignancy. Discrepancies in diagnostic tests led to a total thyroidectomy for a 10-year-old girl diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Keywords:

Juvenile thyroid malignancy papillary carcinoma thyroid nodule

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Endocrinology
Surgical Oncology
Diagnostic Pathology

Background:

Thyroid malignancy is rare in children, often presenting as an asymptomatic nodule.
Comprehensive workup, including imaging and pathology, is crucial for diagnosis.
Management strategies for pediatric thyroid nodules aim to rule out malignancy.

Observation:

A 10-year-old female presented with an asymptomatic thyroid nodule.
Diagnostic evaluations, including cytology, frozen section, and final histology, yielded differing results.
The patient underwent total thyroidectomy based on conclusive histological findings.

Findings:

The final histology confirmed well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma.
The patient has been on thyroid supplementation and regular follow-up for two years post-surgery.

Implications:

This case highlights the diagnostic challenges in pediatric thyroid nodules with discordant pathological results.
Early detection and surgical management are vital for pediatric thyroid cancer.
Long-term monitoring and hormone replacement are essential for patients with thyroid cancer.