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Related Concept Videos

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
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Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation that typically begins in the rectum and extends proximally in a uniform pattern. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental influences. These factors converge to impair the colon’s epithelial defenses and promote an exaggerated inflammatory response against luminal contents.Breakdown of the Mucosal BarrierA...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the goblet,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

Human intestinal epithelial response(s) to Clostridium difficile.

Nazila V Jafari1, Elaine Allan, Mona Bajaj-Elliott

  • 1Infectious Disease and Microbiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Clostridium difficile causes diarrhea and colitis, especially in elderly patients. Its toxins A and B are key, but other bacterial factors

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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacillus.
  • It is increasingly recognized as a leading cause of diarrhea and colitis in hospitalized, elderly individuals.
  • Toxins A and B from C. difficile are implicated in colonic inflammation and pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Clostridium difficile in causing intestinal inflammation.
  • To understand the early effects of C. difficile on host intestinal epithelia.
  • To elucidate the pathogenesis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Clostridium difficile infection models.
  • Examination of host-pathogen interactions at the intestinal epithelial level.
  • Assessment of immune responses and barrier function in affected tissues.

Main Results:

  • Clostridium difficile toxins A and B significantly contribute to colonic inflammation.
  • Early infection involves modest induction of innate immune responses.
  • Progressive loss of intestinal epithelial barrier function and cell death are observed.

Conclusions:

  • Clostridium difficile toxins are major drivers of disease pathogenesis.
  • Innate immune responses are activated early in infection.
  • Epithelial barrier dysfunction and cell death are critical events in C. difficile-induced colitis.