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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
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Published on: May 30, 2012

Parallel gateways to pluripotency: open chromatin in stem cells and development.

Fong Ming Koh1, Michael Sachs, Marcela Guzman-Ayala

  • 1Departments of Ob/Gyn and Pathology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0525, USA.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|July 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Open chromatin is key to pluripotent stem cells. Recent studies reveal its regulation and role in pluripotency, with findings applicable to early development and reprogramming.

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

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A Simple Method to Identify Kinases That Regulate Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency by High-throughput Inhibitor Screening

Published on: May 12, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Open chromatin is characteristic of pluripotent stem cells.
  • The molecular mechanisms regulating open chromatin are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on the regulation of open chromatin in pluripotent stem cells.
  • To explore the role of open chromatin in maintaining and acquiring pluripotency.
  • To connect in vitro findings with in vivo developmental processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research employing embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • Analysis of studies investigating epigenetic regulation of pluripotency.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies highlight mechanisms regulating open chromatin in ESCs and iPSCs.
  • Open chromatin plays a crucial role in pluripotency maintenance and acquisition.
  • In vitro findings predict in vivo epigenetic regulation during zygote and primordial germ cell development.

Conclusions:

  • In vitro studies with pluripotent stem cells offer insights into in vivo epigenetic regulation.
  • Combining in vitro and in vivo approaches will enhance understanding of pluripotency and reprogramming.
  • Epigenetic regulation of pluripotency is a dynamic process crucial for development.