Spatial and temporal variations of biological responses to environmental pollution in the freshwater zebra mussel

The validation of a suite of cellular biomarkers for biomonitoring studies necessitates a good knowledge of the meaning of these early responses to environmental stress in terms of individual health. This requires confirmation (i) of linkages between the cellular and higher levels of the biological organisation, (ii) of temporal persistence of the stress symptoms and (iii) of their reversibility after a return to more favourable conditions. Besides, (iv) the sensitivity of the biomarker suite towards subtle variations of environmental contamination has to be assessed. With this aim, field experiments were performed on deployed freshwater zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in the vicinity of the confluence of a small heavily anthropized stream with a larger river. We examined the persistence of the responses over a 90-day period and their reversibility after a depuration-transplantation. A second experiment was conducted later by adding a study site at an increased distance from the confluence. Decreased digestive lysosomal volume and neutral lipid contents, and lipofuscin accumulation preceded effects on the mussels' condition. The following experiment confirmed that the cellular biomarkers were more sensitive than both individual endpoints to reflect the effects of subtler variations of environmental contamination. Integration of the results with multivariate analysis and the Integrated Biomarker Response tended to confirm the relevance of the biomarker suite.