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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Thyroid and bone.

Apostolos I Gogakos1, J H Duncan Bassett, Graham R Williams

  • 1Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine and MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
|July 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormones are crucial for bone health, influencing development and turnover. Both low and high thyroid function increase fracture risk, with upper normal ranges also linked to bone density loss.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Biology
  • Skeletal Health

Background:

  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis regulates skeletal development, peak bone mass, and adult bone turnover.
  • Euthyroid status is vital for bone mineralization and strength; thyroid dysfunction is linked to fracture risk.
  • Thyroid hormones (T3) act via thyroid hormone receptor α, showing anabolic effects in growth and catabolic effects in adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of thyroid status in bone health.
  • To investigate the impact of thyroid hormones and TSH on bone turnover.
  • To clarify the relative importance of T3 and TSH in skeletal regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of population studies on thyroid dysfunction and fracture risk.
  • Analysis of studies on euthyroid post-menopausal women with varying thyroid status.
  • Examination of research on mutant mice models for thyroid hormone receptor α function.

Main Results:

  • Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with increased fracture risk.
  • Upper-normal thyroid function in euthyroid women correlates with lower bone mineral density and higher non-vertebral fracture risk.
  • Thyroid hormone receptor α mediates T3 action in bone; T3 has dual effects (anabolic in growth, catabolic in adults).

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid status significantly impacts bone health across the spectrum from dysfunction to upper normal ranges.
  • Thyroid hormones have complex, age-dependent effects on the skeleton.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the direct role of TSH in bone turnover and its interplay with T3.