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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
Exocytosis00:51

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
The Extracellular Matrix01:42

The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.Composition of the Extracellular MatrixThe extracellular matrix (ECM) is commonly composed of ground substance, a gel-like fluid, fibrous components, and many structurally and functionally diverse molecules.
The Extracellular Matrix01:29

The Extracellular Matrix

Overview
In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.
Composition of the Extracellular Matrix
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is commonly composed of ground substance, a gel-like fluid, fibrous components, and many structurally and functionally diverse...
Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis01:18

Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis

Vesicular transport is a cellular process that encompasses the engulfment of particles or dissolved substances by cells. It involves endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis.
Endocytosis is a cellular mechanism that involves the inward folding of the cell membrane to create vesicles that capture and transport large drug molecules. This process comprises two distinct methods: pinocytosis (often referred to as "cell drinking") and phagocytosis (often referred to as "cell eating"). Pinocytosis is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Extraction of Extracellular Vesicles from Whole Tissue
09:03

Extraction of Extracellular Vesicles from Whole Tissue

Published on: February 7, 2019

Exosomes: extracellular organelles important in intercellular communication.

Suresh Mathivanan1, Hong Ji, Richard J Simpson

  • 1Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

Journal of Proteomics
|July 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, are released by cells and have diverse functions. This review clarifies their nomenclature, purification, and proteomic analysis for biomarker discovery.

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Purification and microRNA Profiling of Exosomes Derived from Blood and Culture Media
10:45

Purification and microRNA Profiling of Exosomes Derived from Blood and Culture Media

Published on: June 14, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Extraction of Extracellular Vesicles from Whole Tissue
09:03

Extraction of Extracellular Vesicles from Whole Tissue

Published on: February 7, 2019

Purification and microRNA Profiling of Exosomes Derived from Blood and Culture Media
10:45

Purification and microRNA Profiling of Exosomes Derived from Blood and Culture Media

Published on: June 14, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells release membranous extracellular organelles like exosomes, shedding microvesicles, and apoptotic blebs.
  • These extracellular vesicles possess diverse biological functions but face nomenclature challenges, often being studied as mixtures.
  • Clarifying terminology and improving purification are crucial for distinguishing their specific biochemical and functional activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review exosome biogenesis, purification strategies, and biophysical/biochemical properties.
  • To provide an updated proteomic analysis of exosomes from various sources.
  • To discuss host-cell specific proteomic signatures and the potential of exosomes as biomarkers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on exosome purification techniques.
  • Analysis of proteomic data from exosome studies.
  • Discussion of exosome biogenesis and release mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes originate from multivesicular bodies and are released upon plasma membrane fusion.
  • Proteomic analysis reveals host-cell specific signatures in exosomes.
  • ~42% of exosomal integral membrane proteins' ectodomains are found in the secretome.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized nomenclature and purification methods are essential for studying extracellular vesicles.
  • Exosomes represent a promising source for serum-based protein biomarkers reflective of host cell status.
  • The ExoCarta database provides a valuable resource for exosomal protein and RNA information.