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Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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In signal processing, the analysis of continuous-time signals, denoted as x(t), often involves sampling techniques to convert these signals into discrete-time signals. This process is essential for digital representation and manipulation. A critical component in sampling is the train of impulses, characterized by the sampling interval and the sampling frequency. The relationship between these parameters and the original signal's properties dictates the success of the sampling process.
RNA-seq03:21

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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Measurement of Poly A Tail Length from Drosophila Larva Brain and Cell Line
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Published on: January 12, 2024

Language sampling: does the length of the transcript matter?

John Heilmann1, Ann Nockerts, Jon F Miller

  • 1University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA. heilmanj@uwm.edu

Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
|July 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shortening language sample analysis (LSA) collection time is possible. Researchers found that using brief conversational or narrative samples yields reliable measures of children's oral language skills, including productivity and lexical diversity.

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Area of Science:

  • Speech and Language Pathology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Language sample analysis (LSA) is the gold standard for assessing children's oral language.
  • A significant limitation of LSA is the extensive time needed for sample collection and transcription.
  • Efficient assessment methods are crucial for clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if stable language sample measures can be obtained from shorter samples.
  • To determine the reliability of measures derived from 1- and 3-minute samples compared to 7-minute samples.
  • To analyze how age and sampling context (conversation vs. narrative) affect measure stability.

Main Methods:

  • Children's conversational and narrative language samples were segmented into 1-, 3-, and 7-minute durations.
  • Linguistic measures (productivity, lexical diversity, utterance length) were calculated for each sample length.
  • Measures were compared across lengths, and analyses considered age groups and sampling contexts.

Main Results:

  • Language sample measures demonstrated high consistency across different sample lengths.
  • Measures of productivity, lexical diversity, and mean utterance length were particularly reliable with shorter samples.
  • Results showed minimal variation based on age group or sampling context.

Conclusions:

  • Brief language samples can yield reliable measures, supporting efficient clinical protocols.
  • A framework for eliciting reliable short language samples is proposed.
  • This research facilitates time-saving practices in pediatric language assessment.