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Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase

In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups


Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Techniques for the Evolution of Robust Pentose-fermenting Yeast for Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol
14:53

Techniques for the Evolution of Robust Pentose-fermenting Yeast for Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol

Published on: October 24, 2016

Methyl beta-D-fructopyranoside.

Thorsten Allscher1, Peter Klüfers

  • 1Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany.

Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Crystal Structure Communications
|July 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Methyl beta-D-fructopyranoside exhibits a stable pyranose ring structure. This study analyzes its complex hydrogen-bonding patterns using graph-set analysis to understand molecular interactions.

Area of Science:

  • Carbohydrate chemistry
  • Structural biology
  • Supramolecular chemistry

Background:

  • Methyl beta-D-fructopyranoside is the most stable methyl glycoside of D-fructose.
  • Understanding its structure and intermolecular interactions is crucial for carbohydrate science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the precise three-dimensional structure of methyl beta-D-fructopyranoside.
  • To characterize the hydrogen-bonding network within its crystalline state.
  • To apply graph-set analysis for detailed pattern recognition.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography to determine the molecular structure.
  • Analysis of intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
  • Graph-set analysis to classify hydrogen-bond patterns.

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Techniques for the Evolution of Robust Pentose-fermenting Yeast for Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol
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Published on: October 24, 2016

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Identification of Fatty Acids in Bacillus cereus

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A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics
14:18

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Published on: May 27, 2014

Main Results:

  • The pyranose ring adopts a conformation close to the (2)C(5) chair form.
  • The compound self-assembles into bilayers.
  • A complex network of five independent hydrogen bonds was identified and analyzed.

Conclusions:

  • The stable (2)C(5) chair conformation facilitates specific intermolecular interactions.
  • Graph-set analysis provides a robust method for dissecting complex hydrogen-bond networks in carbohydrates.
  • The identified hydrogen-bonding pattern dictates the bilayer formation in methyl beta-D-fructopyranoside crystals.