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Animal leptospirosis in Malaya: 2. Localities sampled.

C E Smith, L H Turner, J L Harrison

    Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    |July 7, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Leptospirosis infection rates in Malayan rats vary by habitat, with ricefields and forests showing higher prevalence. Ground-living rats are key hosts, and population density influences disease maintenance.

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Epidemiology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Zoology

    Background:

    • Leptospirosis is a significant zoonotic disease affecting various animal populations.
    • Previous work established methods and zoogeographical context for Malayan animal leptospirosis.
    • Detailed habitat-specific analysis is crucial for understanding disease transmission dynamics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare leptospirosis infection rates in rats across diverse Malayan habitats.
    • To identify primary host species and environmental factors influencing leptospirosis maintenance.
    • To estimate the critical rat population density for sustained leptospirosis transmission.

    Main Methods:

    • Field surveys conducted in towns, villages, ricefields, secondary scrub, and primary forests in Malaya.
    • Detailed comparison of infection rates and host species across different ecological zones.
    • Analysis of rat population composition and its relation to infection incidence.

    Main Results:

    • Low infection rates in urban rats, except in a seaport with infected Rattus norvegicus.
    • Leptospirosis maintained in ricefields by Rattus argentiventer and Rattus exulans.
    • Secondary forests show host overlap (Rattus exulans, Rattus jalorensis); primary forests harbor giant and spiny rats.
    • Ground-dwelling rats are more effective maintenance hosts than arboreal or scrambling species.
    • Infection incidence correlates with a species' proportion in the local rat population.

    Conclusions:

    • Habitat type significantly influences rat host suitability and leptospirosis prevalence.
    • A density of approximately two maintenance host rats per hectare is estimated for sustained transmission.
    • Understanding host-pathogen-environment interactions is key for leptospirosis control in Malaya.