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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination
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Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Published on: June 2, 2016

Influenza viruses, 1957-60.

A Isaacs, R J Hart, V G Law

    Bulletin of the World Health Organization
    |July 7, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Influenza A viruses underwent significant antigenic change between 1957-1960, differing greatly from previous strains. Influenza B viruses also changed, replacing older strains, with a rare A1 strain possibly indicating long-term latency.

    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Epidemiology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Between 1957-1960, the World Influenza Centre received numerous influenza A virus strains globally.
    • These strains were antigenically similar to A2 Asian epidemic viruses, distinct from the preceding A1 strains.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize the antigenic properties and in vitro behavior of influenza viruses circulating between 1957-1960.
    • To compare antigenic changes in influenza A and B viruses during this period.
    • To investigate the potential for long-term viral latency, as suggested by a rare A1 strain detection.

    Main Methods:

    • Antigenic characterization of global influenza virus isolates.
    • In vitro analysis of viral properties, including beta-inhibitor insensitivity and antibody avidity.

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    Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

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    High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

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    Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection
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    Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

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  • Epidemiological surveillance and strain tracking.

    • Main Results:

    • Influenza A viruses showed significant antigenic shift, closely resembling A2 strains and differing from A1 strains.
    • A2 strains were antigenically uniform and insensitive to beta-inhibitor, though some exhibited low antibody avidity early on.
    • Influenza B viruses also underwent antigenic change, replacing older strains, albeit to a lesser extent than influenza A.

    Conclusions:

    • The period 1957-1960 was marked by substantial antigenic evolution in influenza A viruses, leading to the dominance of A2 strains.
    • Influenza B viruses also demonstrated evolutionary changes, supplanting earlier strains.
    • A singular 1960 detection of an influenza A1 strain suggests the possibility of prolonged viral latency in humans.