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Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations, while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the conjunctiva.

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic antagonists are called...

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions

Antimuscarinic drugs block muscarinic receptors in multiple systems, including the gut, eye, smooth muscles, respiratory tract, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. They produce similar effects with varying selectivity depending on the specific agent and tissue. Here are the key pharmacological actions of antimuscarinics:
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Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

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Anthelminthic Agents

Anthelminthic Agents

Anthelmintic drugs differ significantly from antiparasitic therapies targeting protozoa, primarily due to differences in parasite biology. Whereas most protozoal treatments act on proliferating cells, anthelmintics are typically directed against mature, nonproliferative helminths. The therapeutic approach considers the helminth's reliance on neuromuscular coordination, glucose metabolism, and microtubular integrity for survival, reproduction, and localization within the host. Most anthelmintics...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Green Synthesis, Characterization, Encapsulation, and Measurement of the Release Potential of Novel Alkali Lignin Micro-/Submicron Particles

Green Synthesis, Characterization, Encapsulation, and Measurement of the Release Potential of Novel Alkali Lignin Micro-/Submicron Particles

Published on: March 1, 2024

Mulavanins A-E: limonoids from Munronia delavayi.

Bing-Dong Lin¹, Hua-Dong Chen, Jia Liu

¹State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.

|July 8, 2010

Summary

Researchers isolated five new limonoids, mulavanins A-E, from Munronia delavayi. Two compounds demonstrated moderate antifungal activity, suggesting potential for new antifungal drug development.

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Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade

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Published on: August 14, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Green Synthesis, Characterization, Encapsulation, and Measurement of the Release Potential of Novel Alkali Lignin Micro-/Submicron Particles

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Published on: March 1, 2024

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade

Published on: August 14, 2019

Area of Science:

Natural Product Chemistry
Phytochemistry
Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

Munronia delavayi is a plant species known for its potential bioactive compounds.
Limonoids are a class of terpenoids found in plants, often exhibiting diverse biological activities.

Purpose of the Study:

To isolate and characterize new limonoids from Munronia delavayi.
To evaluate the isolated compounds for potential biological activities, specifically antifungal properties.

Main Methods:

Phytochemical investigation of whole plant extracts of Munronia delavayi.
Structure elucidation of isolated compounds using comprehensive spectroscopic techniques (e.g., NMR, MS).
Bioactivity screening, focusing on antifungal assays.

Main Results:

Five new limonoids, designated mulavanins A-E (compounds 1-5), were successfully isolated.
Four known compounds were also identified from the plant extract.
Two of the isolated compounds exhibited modest antifungal activity against tested fungal strains.

Conclusions:

The study successfully identified novel limonoid structures from Munronia delavayi.
The findings suggest that Munronia delavayi is a source of potentially useful antifungal agents.
Further research into the mechanism of action and optimization of these compounds is warranted.