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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Published on: August 8, 2019

Great ape foresight is looking great.

Mathias Osvath¹

¹Lund University Cognitive Science, Sweden. mathias.osvath@lucs.lu.se

Animal Cognition

|July 8, 2010

Summary

Great apes demonstrate foresight, challenging the idea that episodic cognition is unique to humans. This study refutes claims that only humans possess planning abilities for future needs.

Area of Science:

Cognitive Science
Animal Behavior
Comparative Psychology

Background:

The Bischof-Köhler hypothesis posits that future planning is exclusive to humans.
Previous research suggested great apes possess foresight, challenging this human-centric view.
Episodic cognitive systems, crucial for foresight, were traditionally considered a human-only trait.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate foresight in chimpanzees and orangutans.
To determine if great ape planning abilities are indicative of an episodic cognitive system.
To challenge the Bischof-Köhler hypothesis by presenting evidence for non-human episodic cognition.

Main Methods:

Four experiments were conducted with chimpanzees and orangutans.
The study examined planning behaviors related to future needs.

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The Gateway to the Brain: Dissecting the Primate Eye

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Published on: May 27, 2009

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Published on: August 8, 2019

The Gateway to the Brain: Dissecting the Primate Eye

The Gateway to the Brain: Dissecting the Primate Eye

Published on: May 27, 2009

Experimental designs incorporated controls and baseline comparisons to validate findings.

Main Results:

Results indicated that great apes exhibit foresight.
The observed planning behaviors suggest the presence of episodic abilities in non-human primates.
The findings challenge the strict interpretation of the Bischof-Köhler hypothesis.

Conclusions:

Great apes possess foresight, demonstrating abilities previously thought to be exclusively human.
The study supports the presence of episodic cognition in non-human animals.
Critiques of the original study contained misapprehensions regarding experimental interrelations and controls.