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Dialysis

Dialysis

Dialysis is a diffusion-based purification process that separates analyte molecules from a complex matrix. This is accomplished by allowing molecules in the solution to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a liquid on the other side. The membrane is usually made of cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate, and the second liquid must be miscible with the solution. Ions (e.g., chloride or sodium) or organic molecules (e.g., glucose) can pass through the membrane pores, which generally have...

Dialysis

Dialysis

Renal failure occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste products from the blood effectively. It can be classified into two types: acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF).
Acute kidney injury develops suddenly and can be caused by pre-renal causes (e.g., hypovolemia, shock), intrinsic renal causes (e.g., acute tubular necrosis), or post-renal causes (e.g., urinary obstruction). In contrast, chronic renal failure progresses gradually over time and is often...

Hemodialysis II: Procedure and Complications

Hemodialysis II: Procedure and Complications

DialyzersA hemodialysis (HD) dialyzer is a plastic cartridge containing thousands of parallel hollow fibers, which serve as semipermeable membranes. These fibers are typically made from cellulose-based or other synthetic materials. During HD, blood is pumped into the top of the cartridge and distributed among these fibers. Simultaneously, dialysis fluid, known as dialysate, is introduced into the bottom of the cartridge, bathing the outside of the fibers. Across the semipermeable membrane,...

Peritoneal Dialysis I: Introduction and Procedure

Peritoneal Dialysis I: Introduction and Procedure

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a procedure that facilitates the exchange of solutes, waste products, electrolytes, and excess fluid between the blood in the peritoneal capillaries and a dialysis solution introduced into the peritoneal cavity.Principles of Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)Diffusion: Waste products such as urea and electrolytes move from high concentrations in the blood to low concentrations in the dialysate across the peritoneal membrane. This mechanism is driven by the concentration...

Hemodialysis I: Introduction

Hemodialysis I: Introduction

Hemodialysis (HD) is a medical treatment that artificially removes waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions effectively. In this process, blood is filtered through a semipermeable membrane, allowing for the selective removal of waste while preserving necessary components like blood cells and proteins. Hemodialysis is typically performed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or severe kidney...

Peritoneal Dialysis II: Peritoneal Dialysis Systems and Complications

Peritoneal Dialysis II: Peritoneal Dialysis Systems and Complications

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a medical process that removes waste products and excess fluid from the body using the peritoneal membrane as a natural filter.Peritoneal Dialysis MethodsSeveral methods can be used for peritoneal dialysis, including Acute Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis, and Automated Peritoneal Dialysis, also known as Continuous Cyclic Peritoneal Dialysis.Acute Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis (AIPD) is used for patients with uremic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device

Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device

Published on: July 20, 2021

Review: understanding sorbent dialysis systems.

John W M Agar¹

¹Renal Services, Geelong Hospital, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. johna@barwonhealth.org.au

Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)

|July 9, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Sorbent regeneration systems for dialysis offer a water-efficient, portable alternative to traditional methods. This technology is crucial for the resurgence of home hemodialysis and wearable devices.

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device

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Published on: July 20, 2021

Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports

Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports

Published on: June 12, 2018

Area of Science:

Nephrology
Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science

Background:

Maintenance hemodialysis historically utilized two systems: single pass proportioning and REDY sorbent regeneration.
The REDY system, though water-efficient and portable, waned in clinical use by the early 1990s.
Current dialysis systems are bulky, water-intensive, and require extensive pre-treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To review sorbent chemistry and its application in dialysis systems.
To highlight the potential of sorbent systems for advanced home hemodialysis.
To discuss the technological shift towards sorbent-based dialysate circuitry.

Main Methods:

Review of historical and current dialysis technologies.
Analysis of sorbent system principles for dialysate regeneration.
Discussion of technological advancements in miniaturization and portability.

Main Results:

Sorbent systems offer significant water efficiency (6 L vs. 400-600 L per treatment).
Sorbent systems enable miniaturization, portability, and water source independence.
Sorbent-based dialysate circuitry is a focus of current dialysis equipment development.

Conclusions:

Sorbent regeneration systems are integral to developing cost-competitive, efficient home hemodialysis solutions.
The principles of sorbent chemistry are key to achieving miniaturized, portable, and 'wearable' dialysis technology.
A renewed focus on sorbent systems is timely given the growing interest in home hemodialysis.