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Related Concept Videos

Hiatal Hernia01:25

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction01:22

Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction

Esophageal perforation is a severe medical condition characterized by a breach in the integrity of the esophageal wall. This breach can occur due to various factors such as trauma, medical procedures, or underlying diseases. When the esophageal wall is compromised, it allows food, fluids, and digestive juices into the chest cavity or adjacent structures, leading to potential complications and health risks.
The location of esophageal perforation can vary, occurring anywhere along the esophagus.
Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice
06:31

Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice

Published on: February 5, 2021

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Richard Keijzer1, Prem Puri

  • 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmusmc-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
|July 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a birth defect affecting 1 in 2000 newborns, causing severe respiratory issues. This review explores diaphragm and lung development to understand CDH and its related pulmonary complications.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Neonatal medicine
  • Pediatric surgery

Background:

  • Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), or Bochdalek hernia, is a defect occurring in 1 in 2000-3000 newborns.
  • CDH is frequently linked to pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) and persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH), leading to significant respiratory failure.
  • Despite advances in neonatal care, mortality and morbidity remain high due to PH and PPH in CDH patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review normal diaphragm and pulmonary development.
  • To correlate developmental processes with abnormalities observed in CDH.
  • To enhance understanding of CDH pathogenesis and associated pulmonary issues.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on diaphragm and lung development.

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Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice
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Published on: February 5, 2021

Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs
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Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs

Published on: December 22, 2023

  • Correlation of developmental biology principles with CDH pathophysiology.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to PH and PPH in CDH.

    • Main Results:

    • Normal diaphragm and lung development are complex processes crucial for fetal respiratory function.
    • Abnormalities in these developmental pathways are implicated in the pathogenesis of CDH.
    • Understanding these links may explain the severity of PH and PPH in affected newborns.

    Conclusions:

    • The pathogenesis of CDH and associated PH/PPH requires further elucidation.
    • Reviewing developmental biology offers insights into CDH abnormalities.
    • Further research into developmental mechanisms is essential for improving CDH outcomes.