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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...

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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma
09:25

Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma

Published on: October 14, 2016

Pediatric oncology.

Andrew M Davidoff1

  • 1Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA. andrew.davidoff@stjude.org

Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
|July 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer arises from accumulating genetic and epigenetic changes, influenced by heredity and environment. This review discusses oncogenesis and cancer progression, highlighting insights from childhood tumor studies.

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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma
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Published on: October 14, 2016

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cancer progression is driven by accumulating genetic and epigenetic alterations.
  • Malignant transformation involves cells gaining a survival advantage.
  • Childhood tumors have significantly advanced cancer cell biology understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental processes of oncogenesis.
  • To discuss the mechanisms of cancer progression.
  • To synthesize current knowledge on cancer development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cancer biology research.
  • Analysis of genetic and epigenetic changes in cancer.
  • Examination of findings from childhood tumor studies.

Main Results:

  • Genetic and epigenetic changes are central to cancer development.
  • Cellular phenotypes conferring survival advantage drive malignancy.
  • Childhood tumor research provides critical insights into oncogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding cancer requires studying its genetic and epigenetic drivers.
  • Malignant transformation is a multi-step process.
  • Further research into oncogenesis and cancer progression is essential.