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Genetics of Speciation

Genetics of Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.The genetics of speciation involves the different traits or isolating mechanisms preventing gene exchange, leading to reproductive isolation. Reproductive isolation can be due to reproductive barriers that have effects either before or after the formation of a zygote. Pre-zygotic mechanisms prevent fertilization from occurring, and post-zygotic mechanisms...

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.Positive Frequency-Dependent SelectionIn positive...

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Monohybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

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Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica

Published on: February 20, 2012

Genetic compatibility determines endophyte-grass combinations.

Kari Saikkonen¹, Piippa R Wäli, Marjo Helander

¹Plant Production Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland. kari.saikkonen@mtt.fi

|July 9, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic mismatches in grass-endophyte symbioses limit infections across generations. These mismatches can protect grassland biodiversity and inform breeding programs for improved cultivars.

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Establishing Fungal Entomopathogens as Endophytes: Towards Endophytic Biological Control

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica

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Establishing Fungal Entomopathogens as Endophytes: Towards Endophytic Biological Control

Establishing Fungal Entomopathogens as Endophytes: Towards Endophytic Biological Control

Published on: April 11, 2013

Area of Science:

Plant-microbe interactions
Symbiotic relationships
Ecology

Background:

Microbial-plant interactions, including mycorrhizal and rhizobial exchanges, exhibit complex dynamics ranging from mutualistic to antagonistic.
These interactions are influenced by selfishness, cheating, and power struggles between partners, shaped by selective pressures.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of grass genotypes and genetic mismatches on vertically transmitted endophyte infections in grass populations.
To understand the long-term effects of these interactions on host population structure and grassland biodiversity.

Main Methods:

A five-year common garden experiment using manipulated grass-endophyte combinations.
Seeds were collected from two environments: meadows and riverbanks.
Infections were tracked across multiple generations (F1 and F2) in tillers and seedlings.

Main Results:

Grass genotypes and genetic mismatches significantly constrained endophyte infections, leading to their loss in subsequent generations.
Endophyte benefits, such as increased inflorescences, were observed only in meadow plants during the final season.
Trans-generational maternal effects and genetic host specificity were identified as key factors influencing symbiosis stability.

Conclusions:

Genetic mismatches act as a buffer, potentially safeguarding grassland biodiversity against overly competitive endophyte-grass combinations.
Acknowledging these mismatches is crucial for breeding programs aiming to utilize systemic and heritable endophytes for agricultural benefits.