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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Increased postpartum thyroxine replacement in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Juan C Galofré1, Richard S Haber, Adele A Mitchell

  • 1Thyroid Research Unit, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital , The James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|July 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Pregnancy significantly impacts levothyroxine needs in women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, with over half requiring increased doses postpartum. This highlights the importance of monitoring thyroid function during and after gestation.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a common autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • Pregnancy can alter thyroid function and hormone requirements.
  • The thyroidal response during pregnancy in Hashimoto's patients is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of pregnancy on thyroid hormone replacement therapy in women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
  • To determine changes in levothyroxine requirements during and after pregnancy.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 799 hypothyroid patients.
  • Selected 34 pregnant and 32 nonpregnant hypothyroid women.
  • Analyzed levothyroxine intake and TSH levels before, during, and after pregnancy.

Main Results:

  • Two patterns of levothyroxine supplementation emerged during pregnancy.
  • Pattern 2 required multistep dose increases throughout gestation to maintain TSH levels.
  • Women with Pattern 2 were significantly more likely to need higher levothyroxine doses postpartum.

Conclusions:

  • Over 50% of hypothyroid women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis showed increased levothyroxine needs postpartum.
  • Enhanced levothyroxine requirements are linked to thyroid functional reserve and postpartum autoimmune progression.
  • Pregnancy necessitates careful monitoring of thyroid hormone levels in affected women.