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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

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Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)
11:09

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

Published on: March 25, 2012

Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes.

Miao-Chih Tsai1, Ohad Manor, Yue Wan

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) act as scaffolds, binding distinct histone modification complexes. This RNA-mediated assembly coordinates epigenetic inheritance by guiding specific histone modifications on chromatin.

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Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are key regulators of chromatin states and epigenetic inheritance.
  • Understanding the mechanisms by which lincRNAs influence gene expression is crucial for deciphering epigenetic regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the lincRNA HOTAIR as a scaffold for histone modification complexes.
  • To elucidate how HOTAIR facilitates the assembly and targeting of distinct epigenetic modifiers to chromatin.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical assays to determine binding interactions between HOTAIR and histone modification complexes.
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to assess the targeting of complexes to specific genomic loci.

Main Results:

  • HOTAIR functions as a scaffold, binding both Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) via its 5' domain and the LSD1/CoREST/REST complex via its 3' domain.
  • RNA-mediated assembly of PRC2 and LSD1 by HOTAIR enables coordinated histone H3 lysine 27 methylation and lysine 4 demethylation.
  • This coordinated action specifies the pattern of histone modifications on target genes.

Conclusions:

  • lincRNAs, exemplified by HOTAIR, can serve as scaffolds for assembling histone modification enzymes.
  • This scaffolding mechanism provides a novel pathway for RNA-mediated regulation of chromatin states and epigenetic inheritance.
  • The findings highlight a general principle for lincRNA function in specifying epigenetic modifications.