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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.

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A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood
11:36

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

Published on: April 28, 2016

Ghrelin and anterior pituitary function.

Fabio Lanfranco, Giovanna Motta, Matteo Baldi

    Frontiers of Hormone Research
    |July 10, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Ghrelin, a stomach hormone, is more than a growth hormone secretagogue. It also impacts prolactin, adrenal, and reproductive axes, revealing broader neuroendocrine roles.

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    Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells

    Published on: April 20, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroendocrinology
    • Hormone Research
    • Peptide Signaling

    Background:

    • Ghrelin, a peptide hormone primarily from the stomach, is the natural ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor.
    • Initially identified as a growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), ghrelin is now recognized for its significant orexigenic effects.
    • Its role extends beyond growth hormone regulation, influencing multiple neuroendocrine axes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the multifaceted neuroendocrine functions of ghrelin beyond its role as a growth hormone secretagogue.
    • To investigate ghrelin's influence on prolactin, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on ghrelin's physiological effects.
    • Analysis of studies investigating ghrelin's impact on pituitary hormone secretion (GH, prolactin).
    • Examination of ghrelin's effects on the HPA and HPG axes in both animal models and human subjects.

    Main Results:

    • Ghrelin stimulates growth hormone release via pituitary and hypothalamic mechanisms, including GHRH modulation and anti-somatostatin action.
    • Ghrelin significantly increases prolactin secretion in humans, acting directly on somatomammotroph cells.
    • Ghrelin acutely stimulates the HPA axis, comparable in potency to corticotropin-releasing hormone.
    • Ghrelin exerts a predominantly inhibitory effect on gonadotropin pulsatility, mediated by the central nervous system.

    Conclusions:

    • Ghrelin possesses diverse and significant neuroendocrine functions extending far beyond growth hormone secretagogue activity.
    • Ghrelin plays a critical role in regulating prolactin, stress hormone, and reproductive hormone axes.
    • Understanding ghrelin's comprehensive role is crucial for metabolic and endocrine research.