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Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...

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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs

Published on: February 18, 2022

The heart failure epidemic.

Véronique L Roger¹

¹Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. roger.veronique@mayo.edu

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

|July 10, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The heart failure epidemic is driven by increased survival, not incidence. This means more people are hospitalized for heart failure, highlighting the need for better hospitalization management strategies.

Keywords:

epidemiology heart failure population studies

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A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs

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Area of Science:

Cardiology
Epidemiology
Public Health

Background:

Heart failure (HF) is recognized as an emerging epidemic.
Understanding factors contributing to HF prevalence is vital for effective prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze temporal trends in heart failure incidence and prevalence.
To investigate changes in heart failure based on ejection fraction over time.
To identify the primary drivers of the heart failure epidemic.

Main Methods:

Review of population-based studies examining heart failure trends.
Analysis of incidence, prevalence, and survival data over time.
Assessment of heart failure epidemic's components: incidence versus survival.

Main Results:

Heart failure incidence has remained relatively stable over time.
Survival rates for heart failure patients have significantly improved.
The increasing prevalence of heart failure is primarily due to improved survival, leading to more hospitalizations.

Conclusions:

The heart failure epidemic is largely characterized by an increase in hospitalizations.
Further research on temporal trends by ejection fraction is necessary.
Interventions should prioritize reducing the hospitalization burden in heart failure management.