Recent advancements in cytotoxic T lymphocyte generation methods using carbohydrate-coated liposomes

Both tumor-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells have been identified, and the latter is known as a major effector of adaptive antitumor immune responses. Optimal antitumor immune responses are considered to require the concomitant activation of both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells and the additional selective activation of CD4(+) T cells with helper, but not regulatory function. As optimal antitumor immune responses are generated by the concomitant activation of both T cell types, it is necessary for vaccine methods involving cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) generation to possess a mechanism whereby antigen presenting cells can present administrated exogenous antigens on not only Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, but also MHC class I molecules.