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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response

Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be met...
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...
Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...

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Vascular Occlusion Training for Inclusion Body Myositis: A Novel Therapeutic Approach
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Published on: June 5, 2010

Low-volume strength and endurance training prevent the decrease in exercise hyperemia induced by non-dominant forearm

Fumiko Ohmori1, Takafumi Hamaoka, Kiyoshi Shiroishi

  • 1National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima, 891-2393, Japan.

European Journal of Applied Physiology
|July 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Three weeks of upper limb immobilization reduced blood flow (BF(peak)) after exercise. However, combining strength and endurance training during immobilization preserved this exercise-induced blood flow response.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Exercise Science

Background:

  • Upper limb immobilization is common following injury or surgery.
  • The effects of immobilization on vascular function, particularly exercise-induced hyperemia, are not fully understood.
  • Limited research exists on the efficacy of combined strength and endurance training in mitigating immobilization-induced vascular changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of 3-week upper limb immobilization on conduit artery function.
  • To determine if low-volume strength and endurance training can prevent immobilization-induced vascular dysfunction.
  • To assess changes in brachial artery cross-sectional area and peak exercise-induced hyperemia (BF(peak)).

Main Methods:

  • Healthy volunteers (n=21) were divided into immobilization only (IMM), immobilization with strength and endurance training (STR + END), and control (CNT) groups.
  • Ultrasound was used to measure brachial artery cross-sectional area and BF(peak) after dynamic handgrip exercise (Ex(dyn)) pre- and post-intervention.
  • Training involved twice-weekly sessions of endurance exercise at 30% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and strength exercise at 70% MVC.

Main Results:

  • A significant decrease in BF(peak) was observed in the IMM group after 3 weeks (p < 0.05).
  • The STR + END group showed a protective effect, preserving BF(peak) compared to the IMM group.
  • Baseline brachial artery cross-sectional area was not significantly affected by immobilization in any group.

Conclusions:

  • Three weeks of upper limb immobilization leads to a significant reduction in exercise-induced hyperemia.
  • Combined strength and endurance training effectively preserves vascular function during immobilization.
  • This suggests a potential therapeutic strategy to maintain vascular health during periods of reduced limb use.