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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...

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A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
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A single sequence context cannot satisfy all non-AUG initiator codons in yeast.

Chia-Pei Chang1, Shun-Jia Chen, Chen-Huan Lin

  • 1Department of Life Science, National Central University, Jung-li, Taiwan.

BMC Microbiology
|July 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Yeast can initiate protein translation using non-standard codons beyond ATG. Researchers found that various single-nucleotide variants of ATG, like TTG and GTG, can act as alternative translation initiators, but their efficiency depends on sequence context.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Yeast Biology

Background:

  • Established that alternative translation initiator codons exist in yeast.
  • Identified ACG and TTG as initiator codons for ALA1 and GRS1, respectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if other non-ATG triplets can function as initiator codons in yeast.
  • To screen for novel alternative translation initiation sites using ALA1 as a reporter.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ALA1 as a reporter gene to screen for non-ATG initiator codons in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Systematically tested single-nucleotide variants of ATG as potential initiator codons.

Main Results:

  • Most single-nucleotide variants of ATG, except AAG and AGG, function as initiator codons for ALA1.
  • TTG, CTG, ACG, and ATT showed approximately 50% initiating activity compared to ATG.
  • GTG, ATA, and ATC exhibited around 20% initiating activity, with context-dependent variations observed.

Conclusions:

  • Non-ATG initiator codons demonstrate context-specific preferences.
  • A favorable sequence context for one non-ATG initiator codon may not be favorable for another, highlighting regulatory complexity.