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Related Concept Videos

Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Assessment of blood pressure in brachial artery(one-step method)01:15

Assessment of blood pressure in brachial artery(one-step method)

This procedural guide systematically measures blood pressure using an oscillometric digital sphygmomanometer, emphasizing accuracy, patient safety, and comfort.
Prepare for the Procedure:
What is Homeostasis?01:16

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, from body temperature to blood pressure to levels of certain nutrients. A set point is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. A normal range is a restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable. For example, the set point for normal human body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F). Physiological...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

[HbA1c: target value should remain 7%].

Maarten R Soeters1, Joost B Hoekstra, J H Hans de Vries

  • 1Academisch Medisch Centrum, afd. Inwendige Geneeskunde, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. m.r.soeters@amc.uva.nl

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|July 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maintaining a target HbA1c of 7% or lower is crucial for diabetes mellitus treatment to prevent complications. While some studies suggest higher targets due to mortality risks, evidence does not conclusively link lower HbA1c to increased death rates.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus treatment aims to prevent micro- and macrovascular complications.
  • Current guidelines recommend a target HbA1c of 7% or lower.
  • A recent study suggested a higher HbA1c target (7.5%) due to observed increased mortality below this threshold.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the evidence regarding HbA1c targets in diabetes mellitus management.
  • To assess the relationship between HbA1c levels, hypoglycemia, and mortality.
  • To provide recommendations on optimal HbA1c targets based on existing research.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of epidemiological and prospective studies on diabetes management.
  • Examination of the link between glycemic control (HbA1c) and patient outcomes.
  • Critique of a recent retrospective study suggesting a higher HbA1c target.

Main Results:

  • A lower HbA1c is associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia.
  • Previous studies have noted higher mortality with low HbA1c, but causes were unclear.
  • No definitive evidence confirms hypoglycemia as the cause of increased mortality at lower HbA1c levels.

Conclusions:

  • Changing HbA1c targets based on a single retrospective study is not advisable.
  • Historic prospective studies, like the UKPDS, support maintaining an HbA1c target of 7% or lower.
  • The established HbA1c target of 7% or lower should be maintained for diabetes mellitus treatment.