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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
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Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
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A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

Autonomic alterations and endothelial dysfunction in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.

Leila Kheirandish-Gozal1, Rakesh Bhattacharjee, David Gozal

  • 1Department of Pediatrics and Comer Children's Hospital, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA. lgozal@peds.bsd.uchicago.edu

Sleep Medicine
|July 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children disrupts autonomic nervous system control and activates inflammatory pathways, increasing cardiovascular risks. Further research into these mechanisms and obesity interactions is crucial for future treatment approaches.

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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children are increasingly recognized.
  • OSAS significantly alters autonomic nervous system control, leading to heightened sympathetic activity.
  • OSAS triggers systemic inflammation, compromising endothelial integrity and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cardiovascular effects of OSAS in pediatric populations.
  • To understand the interplay between OSAS, autonomic dysfunction, and inflammation.
  • To explore the role of angiogenic factors and progenitor cells in OSAS-induced vascular changes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on OSAS and cardiovascular outcomes in children.
  • Analysis of mechanisms involving autonomic nervous system imbalance.
  • Investigation of inflammatory pathways and endothelial responses in OSAS.
  • Examination of angiogenic factors and progenitor cell mobilization.

Main Results:

  • OSAS induces significant sympathetic outflow and reactivity in children.
  • Systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are key consequences of OSAS.
  • Angiogenic factors and progenitor cells may play a dual role in vascular repair and damage.
  • Obesity is a critical factor interacting with OSAS and its cardiovascular impact.

Conclusions:

  • OSAS poses substantial cardiovascular risks in children through autonomic and inflammatory pathways.
  • Understanding these complex interactions is vital for developing effective pediatric OSAS management strategies.
  • Further research into pediatric OSAS, obesity, and vascular repair mechanisms is warranted.