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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke
Published on: January 2, 2012
D L Graham1, M Carail, C Caris-Veyrat
1School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
Smokers have lower plasma carotenoid levels. Cigarette smoke exposure directly reduces lycopene and beta-carotene concentrations in plasma and LDL, suggesting smoke inhalation causes these deficiencies.
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