Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not until 1985...
Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not until 1985...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Microbiota-derived metabolites as modulators of cancer immunotherapy response.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Activation of a FOXO3-induced cell cycle arrest regulates ferroptosis.

Cell death discovery·2025
Same author

Microbial Metabolic Pathways Guide Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy.

Cancer discovery·2025
Same author

Organoid-evaluable clinical biomarkers predict drug responses and guide new breast cancer therapies.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

The disordered p53 transactivation domain is the target of FOXO4 and the senolytic compound FOXO4-DRI.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Lactate controls cancer stemness and plasticity through epigenetic regulation.

Cell metabolism·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions
07:34

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

Published on: February 16, 2017

Integrating opposing signals toward Forkhead box O.

Maaike C W van den Berg1, Boudewijn M T Burgering

  • 1Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
|July 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) on transcription factors create a complex code. Phosphorylation of Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors by different pathways can either activate or inactivate them, demonstrating complex signal integration.

More Related Videos

A Filtration-based Method of Preparing High-quality Nuclei from Cross-linked Skeletal Muscle for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
10:04

A Filtration-based Method of Preparing High-quality Nuclei from Cross-linked Skeletal Muscle for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Published on: July 6, 2017

Integration of Bioinformatics Approaches and Experimental Validations to Understand the Role of Notch Signaling in Ovarian Cancer
09:08

Integration of Bioinformatics Approaches and Experimental Validations to Understand the Role of Notch Signaling in Ovarian Cancer

Published on: January 12, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions
07:34

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

Published on: February 16, 2017

A Filtration-based Method of Preparing High-quality Nuclei from Cross-linked Skeletal Muscle for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
10:04

A Filtration-based Method of Preparing High-quality Nuclei from Cross-linked Skeletal Muscle for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Published on: July 6, 2017

Integration of Bioinformatics Approaches and Experimental Validations to Understand the Role of Notch Signaling in Ovarian Cancer
09:08

Integration of Bioinformatics Approaches and Experimental Validations to Understand the Role of Notch Signaling in Ovarian Cancer

Published on: January 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Transcription factors integrate signals to control gene transcription.
  • Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) dictate transcription factor activity, forming a potential 'transcription factor code'.
  • The dynamics and combinatorial effects of PTMs on transcription factor function remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the regulation of transcription factors by phosphorylation.
  • To use Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors as a model for understanding signal integration.
  • To illustrate how different signaling pathways can lead to opposing effects on transcription factor activity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of signaling pathways affecting FOXO transcription factors.
  • Analysis of phosphorylation events mediated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (AKT) and reactive oxygen species/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways.
  • Discussion of the opposing regulatory outcomes of FOXO phosphorylation.

Main Results:

  • FOXO transcription factors are primarily regulated by the AKT and JNK signaling pathways.
  • Both pathways increase FOXO phosphorylation.
  • AKT-mediated phosphorylation inactivates FOXO, while JNK-mediated phosphorylation activates FOXO.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphorylation is a critical PTM that integrates diverse signaling inputs to modulate transcription factor activity.
  • The FOXO class of transcription factors exemplifies how distinct signaling cascades can converge on a single factor to elicit opposing functional outcomes.
  • Understanding the integration of signal transduction at the level of transcription factor regulation is crucial for deciphering gene expression control.