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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis.

Massimiliano Calabrese1, Massimo Filippi, Paolo Gallo

  • 1The Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy. calabresem@hotmail.it

Nature Reviews. Neurology
|July 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) gray matter lesions, particularly in the cerebral cortex, are increasingly recognized. These cortical lesions correlate with MS severity and predict disease progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) was traditionally viewed as a white matter disease.
  • Recent studies reveal significant gray matter involvement, especially cortical lesions.
  • Cortical lesions exhibit distinct histopathology compared to white matter lesions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review histopathological and MRI findings of cortical lesions in MS.
  • To highlight the significance of gray matter pathology in MS.
  • To underscore the impact of understanding cortical lesions on MS pathobiology.

Main Methods:

  • Histopathological analysis of brain tissue.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies, specifically Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) imaging.
  • Correlation analysis between lesion burden and clinical impairments.

Main Results:

  • Cortical lesions are prevalent in MS, often in the cerebral cortex.
  • Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) MRI enables in vivo imaging of cortical lesions.
  • Cortical lesion detection is possible in early MS stages.
  • Cortical lesion burden correlates with physical and cognitive disability severity.
  • Gray matter lesions are independent predictors of MS disease evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Cortical lesions are a critical component of MS pathology.
  • Understanding gray matter lesions enhances knowledge of MS pathobiology.
  • Location-dependent immunopathological processes may occur in MS.