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Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...

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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...

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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

Decrease of Klotho in the kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Meng-Fu Cheng¹, Li-Jen Chen, Juei-Tang Cheng

¹Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan City, Taiwan.

Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology

|July 14, 2010

Summary

Diabetic nephropathy in rats showed reduced Klotho gene expression. Insulin, phloridzin, and the antioxidant tiron restored Klotho levels and improved kidney function, suggesting oxidative stress reduction is key.

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Endocrinology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Klotho gene expression is primarily in kidney and brain tissues.
Klotho is linked to oxidative stress resistance.
The effect of high glucose on Klotho expression in diabetic nephropathy is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress on Klotho gene expression in diabetic nephropathy.
To evaluate the therapeutic effects of insulin, phloridzin, and tiron on diabetic nephropathy and Klotho expression.

Main Methods:

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ rats) were used to model diabetic nephropathy.
Treatment groups included insulin, phloridzin, and the antioxidant tiron.
In vitro studies utilized high glucose-exposed Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells.

Main Results:

Insulin and phloridzin corrected hyperglycemia, reversed decreased Klotho expression in STZ rat kidneys, and improved renal function.
Tiron reversed the decrease in renal Klotho expression without altering blood glucose levels, indicating a role for oxidative stress reduction.
In vitro studies confirmed that reducing oxidative stress can restore Klotho expression in high glucose conditions.

Conclusions:

Decreased oxidative stress is crucial for improving renal function in diabetic nephropathy.
Reducing oxidative stress also plays a significant role in recovering Klotho gene expression in the kidneys of diabetic rats.