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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges01:23

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...
Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop01:16

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Consider a circular loop with a radius a, that carries a current I. The magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point P along the axis of the loop can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Quantifying Mixing using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
07:33

Quantifying Mixing using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: January 25, 2012

Simulating Magnetic Nanoparticle Behavior in Low-field MRI under Transverse Rotating Fields and Imposed Fluid Flow.

P Cantillon-Murphy1, L L Wald, E Adalsteinsson

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
|July 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Magnetic nanoparticle suspensions generate heat in MRI environments, enabling hyperthermia cancer treatment. Rotating magnetic fields enhance this heating effect, particularly in low-field MRI systems.

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Quantifying Mixing using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains
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Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Scanner for Imaging Magnetic Particles in Planar Samples
07:01

Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Scanner for Imaging Magnetic Particles in Planar Samples

Published on: June 9, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) realign their magnetic moment with applied fields, causing power dissipation and temperature increase.
  • This temperature rise is utilized in magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia for cancer treatment, especially in low-perfusion tissues.
  • The MRI environment, with its strong DC field (B(0)), presents unique conditions for MNP behavior and hyperthermia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze and simulate the temperature rise of magnetic fluids in an MRI environment under transverse alternating-sinusoidal and rotating magnetic fields.
  • To investigate the concept of interactive fluid magnetization using the dynamic behavior of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) suspensions in MRI.
  • To examine the effects of rotating field frequency (Ω) and amplitude on SPION suspension magnetization in the presence of B(0).

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations were employed to predict temperature increases and fluid magnetization.
  • The study examined the dynamic behavior of SPIONs, including their characteristic time constant (τ) and spin-velocity.
  • Simulations considered varying MNP concentrations (0.002-0.01 solid volume fraction) and radii (1-10 nm), as well as Poiseuille flow in a planar channel.

Main Results:

  • Significant heating was observed, even in low-field MRI systems where MNP saturation is not significant.
  • Transverse magnetization showed strong dependence on the rotating field frequency (Ω) and the fluid's characteristic time constant (τ).
  • As Ωτ approached unity, transverse magnetization significantly deviated from the applied field, with magnitude strongly dependent on frequency.

Conclusions:

  • Interactive fluid magnetization effects are predicted, particularly at high MNP concentrations and low MRI field strengths.
  • The dynamic behavior of MNPs in the MRI environment, including spin-velocity effects, can be analyzed and simulated.
  • This research provides insights into optimizing magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia within MRI for cancer treatment.