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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
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Published on: February 9, 2021

Calcium oxalate: calcium phosphate transformations.

George H Nancollas1, Zachary J Henneman

  • 1University at Buffalo, Amherst, NY 14260, USA. ghn@nsm.buffalo.edu

Urological Research
|July 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding stone formation mechanisms can help prevent it. Manipulating thermodynamics by adjusting pH, reducing supersaturation, and using inhibitors may increase mineral solubility and inhibit crystal growth, reducing kidney stone risk.

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Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives
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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

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Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives
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Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives

Published on: May 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Stone formation involves complex crystal growth and dissolution processes.
  • Sparingly soluble phases like calcium oxalates and phosphates are key components of stones.
  • Understanding the physical-chemical mechanisms is crucial for developing preventive strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how knowledge of physical-chemical mechanisms can be applied to prevent stone formation.
  • To investigate methods for increasing the solubility of stone-forming phases.
  • To reduce the thermodynamic driving force for crystal nucleation and growth.

Main Methods:

  • Thermodynamic manipulation through pH modification.
  • Reduction of supersaturation concerning nucleating phases.
  • Introduction of specific inhibitors to influence crystal growth.

Main Results:

  • Increased solubility of sparingly soluble phases (e.g., calcium oxalates, phosphates) can be achieved.
  • Modification of conditions during initial crystallite nucleation can inhibit stone formation.
  • Potential reduction in the involvement of phases like Randall's plaques.

Conclusions:

  • Knowledge of physical-chemical mechanisms offers a pathway to prevent stone formation.
  • Targeting thermodynamics, supersaturation, and inhibitors can reduce stone development.
  • Early intervention during nucleation is key to preventing stone-related pathologies.