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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Medullary thyroid carcinoma.

F Pacini1, M G Castagna, C Cipri

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology & Metabolism and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. pacini8@unisi.it

Clinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))
|July 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare cancer often linked to RET gene mutations. Early detection and surgical removal are key, with serum calcitonin monitoring crucial for post-treatment follow-up.

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Published on: February 3, 2023

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) comprises 5-8% of thyroid cancers, with 20-30% having hereditary patterns linked to RET proto-oncogene mutations.
  • Hereditary MTC is often associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), an autosomal-dominant condition.
  • Germline RET mutations in specific exons (5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16) are found in approximately 98% of MEN 2 patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for medullary thyroid carcinoma.
  • To emphasize the importance of genetic screening for hereditary MTC.
  • To discuss the role of serum calcitonin monitoring in post-surgical management.

Main Methods:

  • Total thyroidectomy and neck dissection for primary MTC treatment.
  • Presurgical evaluation to guide lymph node surgery decisions.
  • Post-surgical monitoring using serum calcitonin (CT) and carcinoembryonic antigen levels.

Main Results:

  • Complete remission is indicated by undetectable stimulated serum CT levels.
  • Detectable serum CT suggests persistent or recurrent disease, often preceding imaging findings.
  • MTC commonly metastasizes to lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and bones, with surgery as the primary treatment for metastases.

Conclusions:

  • Early identification of familial MTC cases through RET proto-oncogene mutation screening is vital.
  • Prophylactic thyroidectomy is recommended for RET gene carriers based on mutation-specific risks.
  • While chemotherapy has limited efficacy, emerging kinase inhibitors show promise for MTC treatment.