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Crop cultivation has a long history in human civilization, with records showing the cultivation of cereal plants beginning at around 8000 BC. This early plant breeding was developed primarily to provide a steady supply of food.

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Barbara Valent1, Chang Hyun Khang

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Pathology
  • Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
  • Fungal Genetics

Background:

  • Rice blast disease, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, involves the secretion of effectors at the host-pathogen interface.
  • Effectors are crucial for disease development, with some avirulence effectors triggering plant resistance and inhibiting disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role and translocation of Magnaporthe oryzae effectors in rice blast disease.
  • To understand how effector presence/absence polymorphisms relate to avirulence activity.

Main Methods:

  • Resequencing of a Japanese field isolate of Magnaporthe oryzae.
  • Association of avirulence activity with presence/absence polymorphisms in secreted protein genes.
  • Analysis of effector accumulation in biotrophic interfacial complexes and translocation into host cells.

Main Results:

  • The number of cloned M. oryzae avirulence effector genes has significantly increased.
  • Effector translocation across the plasma membrane into rice cytoplasm correlates with their accumulation in biotrophic interfacial complexes.
  • Translocated effectors were observed to move into surrounding uninvaded rice cells.

Conclusions:

  • Magnaporthe oryzae effectors are translocated into rice cells and can spread to neighboring cells.
  • Effectors may prime host cells for infection prior to fungal invasion.
  • Understanding effector function is key to developing strategies against rice blast disease.