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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery

Published on: November 28, 2018

Does normal ageing alter right ventricular relaxation properties? A tissue Doppler study.

Joseph Chiha¹, Anita Boyd, Liza Thomas

¹Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. jchi1661@uni.sydney.edu.au

Heart, Lung & Circulation

|July 16, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Normal ageing impairs right ventricular (RV) relaxation, reducing early diastolic filling (E

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

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Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

Published on: February 20, 2017

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Gerontology
Echocardiography

Background:

Ageing significantly impacts left ventricular diastolic function.
Limited data exists on the effects of ageing on right ventricular (RV) parameters.
Understanding RV changes with normal ageing is crucial for cardiovascular health assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of normal ageing on RV size and function in healthy individuals.
To identify specific echocardiographic parameters affected by age-related changes in the RV.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of echocardiograms from 60 healthy volunteers (aged 20-80 years).
Measurement of RV area and volume indexed to body surface area.
Assessment of RV systolic and diastolic function using pulsed-wave tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) and Colour Doppler Tissue Imaging (CDTI), including annular systolic (S') and diastolic (E', A') velocities.

Main Results:

No significant changes were observed in RV area, volume, or ejection fraction with increasing age.
RV systolic function, assessed by RV ejection fraction (RVEF) and S' velocity, remained unchanged.
A significant decrease in RV early diastolic velocity (E') and a corresponding increase in the atrial component (A') were observed with ageing.

Conclusions:

Normal ageing is associated with impaired RV relaxation, evidenced by reduced E' velocity.
Ageing amplifies the atrial contribution to RV filling (A') without altering overall RV volume or systolic function.
These findings highlight age-related diastolic dysfunction in the RV, similar to observations in the left ventricle.