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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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DNA methylation in cell differentiation and reprogramming: an emerging systematic view.

Kevin Huang1, Guoping Fan

  • 1Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA.

Regenerative Medicine
|July 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Embryonic stem cells can self-renew and differentiate. DNA methylation, a key epigenetic factor, plays a crucial role in cell-fate determination during differentiation and reprogramming for patient-specific therapies.

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Immunohistochemical Detection of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Developing and Postmitotic Mouse Retina
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Published on: January 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess self-renewal and differentiation capabilities.
  • Reprogramming differentiated cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers therapeutic potential.
  • Epigenetic modifications, particularly DNA methylation, are central to cell identity and fate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in stem cell differentiation and reprogramming.
  • To highlight the role of DNA methylation in these processes.
  • To discuss insights gained from high-throughput methylome analyses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of high-throughput DNA methylome data from pluripotent and somatic cells.
  • Review of current literature on stem cell differentiation.
  • Review of current literature on cellular reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • DNA methylation is extensively involved in cell-fate commitment.
  • DNA methylation patterns are critical for establishing and maintaining pluripotency.
  • Methylome analyses provide key insights into reprogramming mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding DNA methylation dynamics is essential for controlling cell differentiation.
  • Epigenetic regulation by DNA methylation is fundamental to stem cell pluripotency.
  • Targeting DNA methylation may enhance patient-specific stem cell therapies.