Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of information more...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Encoding01:19

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Review of Radiotherapy Activity in Scotland, 2 Years Post COVID.

Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))·2025
Same author

The Impact of COVID-19 on Radiotherapy Services in Scotland, UK: A Population-based Study.

Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))·2022
Same author

The impact of an encounter with a gynaecologic dermatologist on quality of life, health literacy and education satisfaction for patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus: A survey study.

Skin health and disease·2022
Same author

qSOFA as a predictor of ICU outcomes in a resource-limited setting in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa.

The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society·2022
Same author

Bioinformatic analysis of eosinophil activity and its implications for model and target species.

Parasitology·2019
Same author

The Combined SIRS + qSOFA (qSIRS) Score is More Accurate Than qSOFA Alone in Predicting Mortality in Patients with Surgical Sepsis in an LMIC Emergency Department.

World journal of surgery·2019
Same journal

Episodic and semantic memory contributions to imagination and creativity.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
Same journal

What is the relationship between stress and prospective memory in everyday environments?

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
Same journal

Revisiting the confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identification: a metacognitive perspective.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
Same journal

Beliefs about child witnesses: a survey of Danish legal professionals, social workers and psychologists.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
Same journal

Potto-biographical memory ≈ autobiographical memory: on the retrieval and organisation of fictional- and personal-event memories.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
Same journal

Conceptual and perceptual chunking of real-world objects in visual working memory.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants
04:47

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Published on: September 18, 2018

Encoding instructions and stimulus presentation in local environmental context-dependent memory studies.

G Markopoulos1, A Rutherford, C Cairns

  • 1Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, Germany. markopou@med.ovgu.de

Memory (Hove, England)
|July 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single word presentations and item-specific encoding enhance environmental context (EC) dependent recognition memory. This challenges previous recommendations for word pair presentations in EC studies.

More Related Videos

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants
04:47

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Published on: September 18, 2018

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Studies
  • Environmental Context Effects

Background:

  • Previous research recommended word pair presentations in environmental context (EC) studies to avoid item-EC associations.
  • This recommendation aimed to prevent a reduction in the EC effect.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of stimulus presentation and encoding on local EC-dependent recognition memory.
  • To assess the assumption that word pair presentations are necessary in EC studies.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted.
  • Experiment 1 involved memorizing or categorizing single words or word pairs (natural/man-made).
  • Experiment 2 examined the influence of encoding instructions and stimulus presentation on recognition memory.

Main Results:

  • Fewer associations were found with single words and item-specific encoding (categorization).
  • Recollection sensitivity, not familiarity, was dependent on local EC.
  • Local EC-dependent recognition occurred with item-specific encoding, regardless of presentation format.

Conclusions:

  • Single word presentations combined with item-specific encoding enhance local EC-dependent recognition.
  • This finding contradicts prior recommendations for word pair presentations in EC research.